Plant tissue

First Concept to Learn: Plant Structure

All plants have three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves. All three organs consist of protective, vascular and ground tissue. Each of which can be further divided into three basic cell types called parenchyma, schlerenchyma, and colenchyma cells.

Three different cell types make up all of the plant tissues and organs described above. Each of which has a different function that helps the plant survive. Firstly are parenchyma cells, which carry out most of the metabolic functions of the plant. These functions include the synthesis and storage of various organic products, which are food sources for the plant. The second type of cell is the collenchyma cell that functions primarily in support of young parts of the plant shoot. They are living, functioning cells that elongate and grow with the organs they support. Finally, the schlerenchyma cells serve as further support, however these cells are unable to elongate and are only found within non-growing regions of the plant. These cells have thicker cell walls that contain lignin for extra support. Lignin is a polymer found within the cell wall surrounding plant cells giving them the extra support they need. It is a combination of these cells that make up the plant and work together to carry out all its cellular functions.

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6 grade Directed Reading

Section: Eukaryotic Cells
cell wall
1. What is the function of a cell wall?
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2. What are the cell walls of plants and algae made of?
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3. What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
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cell membrane
4. What is a cell membrane?
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5. What are three types of compounds contained in the cell membrane?
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6. What two substances control the movement of materials into and out of the cell?
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CYTOSKELETON
_____ 7. A web of proteins in the cytoplasm is known as the
a. phospholipid. c. cell membrane.
b. cytoskeleton. d. organelle.
8. What are the two functions of the cytoskeleton?
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NUCLEUS
___ 9. What is the genetic material contained inside a cell’s nucleus?
a. protein c. DNA
b. lipids d. nucleolus
_____ 10. The function of proteins in a cell is to
a. control chemical reactions. c. cover the nucleus.
b. store genetic information. d. copy messages from DNA.
_____ 11. What is the nucleolus?
a. the opposite of the nucleus
b. another name for DNA
c. a network of fibers in the cytoplasm
d. a dark area of the nucleus that stores materials and begins to make ribosomes
ribosomes
12. Organelles that make proteins are called ______________________.
13. Proteins are made of ______________________.
endoplasmic reticulum
14. A system of folded membranes in which proteins, lipids, and other materialsare made is the ______________________.
15. Two forms of endoplasmic reticulum are and ______________________.
Mitochondria
_____ 16. What function does a mitochondrion perform?
a. It breaks down sugar to produce energy.
b. It makes proteins.
c. It breaks down toxic materials.
d. It stores material used to make ribosomes.
17. The site of cellular respiration is the ______________________.
18. Energy produced in mitochondria is stored in a substance called ______________________.
chloroplasts
__ 19. Chloroplasts are organelles that are found in the cells of
a. animals. c. mitochondria.
b. plants and algae. d. all eukaryotic cells.
__ 20. Which process happens inside a chloroplast?
a. production of ATP c. photosynthesis
b. production of DNA d. formation of animal cells
__ 21. Chloroplasts are green because they contain
a. sugar. c. chlorophyll.
b. proteins. d. DNA.
GOLGI COMPLEX
__ 22. The function of the Golgi complex is to
a. produce sugar and water.
b. package and deliver proteins.
c. produce oxygen.
d. trap energy from the sun.
cell compartments
23. A small sac that surrounds material to be moved into or out of a cell is a(n) .______________________
cellular digestion
24. What is a lysosome?
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25. What is the function of lysosomes?
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26. What function do vacuoles perform in plant and fungal cells?
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6 grade The Cell

Building a Eukaryotic Cell

Complete this worksheet after you finish reading the section “Eukaryotic Cells.” Below is a list of the features found in eukaryotic cells. Next to each feature, write P if it is a feature found only in plant cells and a B if it is a feature that can be found in both plant and animal cells.

_____ 1. endoplasmic reticulum _____ 7. Golgi complex

_____ 2. mitochondria _____ 8. cell wall
_____ 3. nucleus _____ 9. vesocles
_____ 4. cell membrane _____ 10. DNA
_____ 5. cytoplasm _____ 11. nucleolus
_____ 6. ribosomes _____ 12. chloroplasts

In the space provided, label the structures of the eukaryotic cell drawn below. Include only the structures that you labeled B.

Directed Reading

Section: The Urinary System

_____ 1. What is excretion?

• a. the process of digesting food
  b. the process of breathing
  c. the process of removing waste from the body
  d. the process of adding nutrients to the body

2. What is the urinary system?

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cleaning the blood

3. What are two examples of wastes that the urinary system removes from the blood?

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the kidneys as filters

_____ 4. How many kidneys does a person normally have?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

_____ 5. Which of the following is the job of the nephrons?
a. They remove wastes from the blood.
b. They produce urea.
c. They produce urine.
d. They clean the kidneys.
6. What do the kidneys do?

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7. What is urea?

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Water in, water out

_____ 8. Why do humans sweat?
a. to cleanse the skin
b. to cool the body
c. to produce saliva
d. to control thirst
9. Why does your body need to excrete as much water as it brings in?

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10. What does ADH do?

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11. What effect does a diuretic have on your body?

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urinary system problems

_____ 12. Kidney stones are made of which of the following substances?
a. viruses
b. waste materials
c. ADH
d. bacteria

13. How can bacteria get into the bladder and ureters?

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14. What can happen if the nephrons are damaged?

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